Artificial Intelligence as an author
reflections from copyright Law
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63451/dti.v2i23.307Keywords:
Authorship, Artificial Intelligence, Copyright, Generative AI, Intellectual PropertyAbstract
This article examines the relationship between artificial intelligence (AI) and copyright, investigating whether AI-generated works can be attributed to AI itself, the user, or the developers. Through qualitative, documentary, and bibliographic research, the study analyzes the training process of generative AI, which relies on extensive datasets often obtained without the copyright holders’ authorization, raising ethical and legal concerns. The discussion focuses on the authorship of AI-generated works, considering Brazilian legislation, which requires human authorship, and comparing international approaches. It concludes that while AI cannot be recognized as an author in the traditional legal sense, human involvement in the creative process may determine authorship. The study highlights the need for specific regulations to balance technological innovation and copyright protection.
Downloads
References
ABRÃO, E. Y. Comentários à lei de direitos autorais e conexos: Lei 9610/98 com as Alterações da Lei 12.853/2013, e jurisprudência dos Tribunais Superiores. Rio de Janeiro: Lumen Juris, 2017.
ASCENSÃO, José de Oliveira. Direito autoral. Rio de Janeiro: Renovar, 1997.
BISHOP, C. M. Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning. New York: Springer, 2006.
BRASIL. LEI Nº 9.609, DE 19 DE FEVEREIRO DE 1998. Brasil, 1998. Disponível em: https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l9609.htm. Acesso em: dez. 2023.
BRASIL. LEI Nº 9.610, DE 19 DE FEVEREIRO DE 1998. Brasil, 1998. Disponível em: https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l9610.htm. Acesso em: dez. 2023.
BROERSMA, M. Nvidia Sued By Authors For Training AI With Copyrighted Works. Silicon, 12 mar. 2024. Disponível em: https://www.silicon.co.uk/e innovation/artificial-intelligence/ai-nvidia-training-554019. Acesso em: 01 ago. 2024.
GOODFELLOW, I.; BENGIO, Y.; COURVILLE, A. Deep Learning. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2016.
HUR, K. Nvidia surpasses Microsoft to become the largest public company in the world. CNN, 19 jun. 2024. Disponível em: https://edition.cnn.com/2024/06/18/markets/nvidia-largest-public-company/index.html. Acesso em: 10 out. 2024.
KAFKA, P. The AI boom is here, and so are the lawsuits. Vox, 02 fev. 2023. Disponível em: https://www.vox.com/recode/23580554/generative-ai-chatgpt-openaistable-diffusion-legal-battles-napster-copyright-peter-kafka-column. Acesso em: 29 mar. 2024.
LEE, T. B. Stable Diffusion copyright lawsuits could be a legal earthquake for AI. Ars Tecnica, 3 abr. 2023. Disponível em: https://arstechnica.com/tech policy/2023/04/stable-diffusion-copyright-lawsuits-could-be-a-legal-earthquake-for-ai/. Acesso em: 09 jul. 2024.
LIMA, R. C. P. B. Direitos autorais aplicados aos produtos da inteligência artificial no Brasil. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Bacharelado em Direito) – Departamento de Educação (DEDC), Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Campus VIII. Paulo Afonso, 45f., 2025.
MELO, G. S.; ALVES, P. A.; SOUZA, R. S. O direito autoral e o uso da Inteligência Artificial: uma discussão sobre cenário atual e perspectivas futuras. Direito & TI, [S. l.], v. 1, n. 22, p. 1-22, 16 jan. 2026.
RAMESH, A.; PAVLOV, M.; GOH, G.; GRAY, S.; CHASE, C.; HARDWICKE, J.; SUTSKEVER, I. Zero-shot text-to-image generation. In: International Conference On Machine Learning (ICML), 38., 2021, Virtual. Proceedings... [S.l.]: PMLR, 2021. p. 8821-8831.
SILVEIRA, N. Propriedade intelectual: propriedade industrial, direito de autor, software, cultivares, nome empresarial, título de estabelecimento, abuso de patentes. Barueri: Manole, 2018.
VASWANI, A.; SHAZEER, N.; PARMAR, N.; USZKOREIT, J.; JONES, L.; GOMEZ, A. N.; KAISER, Ł.; POLOSUKHIN, I. Attention is all you need. In: Advances In Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), 30., 2017, Long Beach. Proceedings... [S.l.]: Curran Associates, Inc., 2017. p. 5998-6008.
VICENTE, D. M. A Tutela Internacional da Propriedade Intelectual. São Paulo: Almedina Brasil, 2020.
VINCENT, J. The scary truth about AI copyright is nobody knows what will happen next. The Verge, 15 nov. 2022.
WIPO. O que é propriedade intelectual?. WIPO, 2021. Disponível em: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/pt/wipo_pub_450_2020.pdf. Acesso em dez. 2024.
ZHANG, C. et al. A Survey of Large Language Models. arXiv:2303.18223, 2023. Disponível em: https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.18223. Acesso em: 7 jul. 2026.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Rodrigo Carvalho Paes Barreto Lima, Ivandro Pinto de Menezes

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
